One of the oldest diseases, diabetes mellitus, was referenced in Egyptian literature more than
three thousand years ago. The sweetness of diabetic patients' urine was noted by Indian
doctors around 1500 B.C., who named it "Madhumeha." And is also called “Sugar”. Diabetes
mellitus (DM) is an eclectic group of chronic metabolic illnesses in which a person has
excessive blood sugar levels, either as a result of insufficient insulin production by the
pancreas or insufficient insulin uptake or action by the body's cells. The symptoms of
polyuria, or frequent urination, polydipsia, or increased thirst, and polyphagia, or excessive
appetite, are brought on by high blood sugar levels. One defining trait of diabetes mellitus is
inadequate insulin secretary response, which translates to poor carbohydrate (glucose)
utilisation. Nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular and renal consequences, retinopathy,
food-related disorders, and other issues are among the many complications of diabetesmellitus. The two kinds of Diabetes Mellitus are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition
that affects the pancreatic cells, reducing or impairing insulin production, whereas type 2
Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is caused by a dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells, which
makes it difficult for the person to utilise insulin. The various types of diabetes and their
associated complications—including immune system problems, retinopathy, nephropathy,
somatic and autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetic foot—are
introduced in this review. Causes of Diabetes Mellitus, signs & symptoms, diagnosis,
lifestyle management, treatments are also covered.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,
Diabetic foot, Nephropathy, Neuropathy
Publication date: 01/02/2025
https://ijbpas.com/pdf/2025/February/MS_IJBPAS_2025_8749.pdf
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https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2025/14.2.8749
