The most successful and effective preventive measure against infection from a particular
disease is to get vaccinated. Traditional vaccines use a dead or a weakened pathogenic
microbe or a toxin from a pathogen. Introduction of the attenuated or dead pathogen into a
healthy individual generates an immune response. A memory of the antigenic specificity is
produced in the individual thus immunizing the individual from that particular disease for a
long period of time. Some vaccines do require booster doses to retain the memory of
antigenic specificity. Various techniques have been developed and are still under
development to produce effective vaccines for several diseases. A key development in
traditional vaccines is the reduction of booster doses required as well as reduced side effects.
Each technique used to produce vaccines has to ensure provision of long-term immunity to
the individual, no side effects on the individual due to the vaccine, no relapse or reversion of
pathogenicity, and induction of an immune response at a low dosage. This article aims to
highlight the progress and failures in the development of different types of traditional
vaccines, along with the procedures and techniques used in the traditional vaccine production.
Keywords: Vaccine, adjuvants, toxins, disease, strain improvement, attenuation, polysaccharide
carriers, inactivation
Abbreviations
Adjuvant System (AS), Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), ?-Propiolactone (BPL), Cross Reacting Material
(CRM), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT), Diphtheria toxoid
(DT), Diphtheria-tetanus (DiT), French neurotropic vaccine (YF-FNV), Freund’s Complete Adjuvant
(FCA), Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA), Hemagglutinin (HA), Hemophilus influenza protein D (HiD)
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Live attenuated vaccines
(LAVs), meningococcal Outer Membrane Protein Complex (OMPC), Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL)
Mucous Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT), Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP), Neuraminidase (NA)
Received 7th Jan. 2019; Revised 27th Jan. 2019; Accepted 7th Feb. 2019; Available online 1st Aug. 2019
Borkar T* and Goenka V Review Article
1445
IJBPAS, August, 2019, 8(8)
13- valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13), 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
(PPSV23), Pertussis Toxin (PT), Pertussis toxoid (PT), poly (D, L-lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly (Llactic
acid) (PLA), Polyribosylribitol Phosphate (PRP), Quillaja Saponaria (QS), RNA-dependent RNApolymerase
(RdRp), Specific Pathogen Free (SPF), Tetanus toxoid (TT), Trivalent inactivated influenza,
virus vaccine (TIV), water-oil-water(w/o/w), Yellow Fever (YF)
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